​​acute poverty, Governance and economic dependency on natural resources have played a greater role in fueling African civil crises. If governance is one issue to go by, a bigger portion of Africa’s mantle is governance-centric, with the question of which strategy would drastically reduce civil unrest at the fore front, a system that would harmoniously tailor governance with wealth issues and the society. The institution of democracy which is western in essence though has met opposition has been the popular desire for every middle class majority. However With a good number of African Leaders, most notably, Gadafi, Museveni, Kagame, Mugabe in constant tension with the west over the robust democratic reforms, citing alleged vested interest, ​the naivety and dilemma of the ordinary African remain
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THE DAFUR TALE: THE JANJAWEED MILITIA
The Sudanic historical wars
9th of July 2011 way the day when, when the whole world attention to the glorious birth of Africa's youngest state.
The Republic of Southern Sudan. Southern Sudan was part of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, the joint British and Egyptian government that administrated Sudan that came to an end on January 1 1956. At the time, the new country was 1/3 the size of the contiguous U.S. and hosted about 600 ethnic groups speaking over 400 languages. the major inhabitants of the north has been the Muslim while the south housed Christians and animist. The first civil war went through 1956 - 1972, when the enactment of the 156 constitution failed to address the question of whether Sudan would be a secular State or an Islamic State and the unfulfilled promise for federal governing system. the fight for a greater started between Government of Sudan (GOS) and ANYANYA that 1971, was to be known as the South Sudanation Movement (SSLM), the precursor of Today'a Sudanese People Liberation Army (SPLA)
The Second civil war emerged out of discontent over the introduction of Sharia Law by President Jaafar Nimeiri the SSLM fought GOS, in a battle that came to be won by the present dat Omar Al-Bashir.
Through the 1990s, attempts to draft peace agreements saw varying degrees of success, but the splintered nature of the conflict and large region posed a constant challenge. For decades, GOS used aerial bombardments and helicopter gunships to attack the southern Sudanese civilian population with restrictions of humanitarian aid and media access to the areas subjected to bombardment.
The second civil war came to an end with the signing of the comprehensive peace agreement (CPA). The CPA adopted six protocol; a six year interim period to a referendum, ceasation of hostilities, establishment of a secular autonomous government of Southern Sudan, power sharing between SPLM and National Congress Party (NCP), wealth sharing, democratic election and establishment of special administrative arrangement for Abyei as well as referendum for the residence.
Popular consultation processes in the northern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile, the populations of which aligned largely with the SPLA during the second civil war. In accordance with the provisions of the CPA, the people of Southern Sudan voted in the Southern Sudan referendum on January 9, 2011. Six months later, on July 9, 2011, the Interim Period came to an end and South Sudan became the world’s newest nation.
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Civil war in Africa has been a cardinal impairment to development in various societies. Over the years, approximately 9 million refugees and internally have been registered, we have witnesses bloody massacres carried out in the acts of genocides and rebellions. Though the fact that Africa is the home to some of the world’s worst humanitarian crises goes comprehended but remains largely unattended to, comparative analysis of the world war era and the scale of violence in Africa would tantamount to what the western world would term World War III. Ethnic and religious fragmentation has been popularly linked to civil unrest in Africa. However a contrary to these traditional causes, study of the overall incidences of civil ​wars in 161 countries between 1960 and 1999, with special reference to Africa,
perplexing.​ As Africa embraces massive transformations which extend from technology, infrastructures, social and economic transformation which to a larger extend have not been a reflection of the struggle of the common African, but alleged moves for selective self enrichment adopted by a good number of African Leaders coupled with a form of government that allows African to look only through the western spectacle, the instinctive pressure to denounce the prevailing distorted paradigm and clearly define a direction that will never fail Africa intensifies. To achieve ultimate peace, the lone ingredient for sustainable economic development, Impunity, insufficient accountability, nepotism, too much lust for power today seem to be factors that have got to dealt with of protests, violent civil wars.
Darfur, a region in western Sudan is one of the hot spot in Africa recorded what according to a UN declaration became one of the worse humanitarian disaster in Africa. The Government of Sudan in respond to the demands of the uprising people of the region for a just distribution of the country’s economic resources and political representation launched a robust military campaign in Feb 2003. According to several reports, the villages of Darfur, predominantly inhabited by native African tribes, were bombed and burnt to the ground, their inhabitants raped and murdered, with about three million survivors forced into concentration
​camps neighboring Chad, depending entirely on humanitarian aids. One side of the conflict comprised of the Janjaweed militias, an Arab–doctrinated cluster of the indigenous Africa whom report alleged to have had full financial backing of the Khartoum government and technocrats and logistics from Sudanese Air force, a claim that was publicly denied by the Sudanese government. The other side however was made up of rebel group that included the Sudanese Liberation Movement (SLM), in conjunction with the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). The war later attracted an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Umar El Bashir, though has not effected up to date.
THE ROAD TO THE INDEPENDENCE OF S. SUDAN
PEACE ROCOVERY IN SOUTHERN SUDAN